Dark Energy
According to current cosmology, everything, even atoms, will be stretched apart in a few trillions of years. Don’t panic! It’s only a theory, and I have an alternative theory. Also, don’t panic! Even if the current cosmology is true, we will have a few trillion years to prepare our minds, or switch over to a new or different universe. Still, I think there are alternatives to current cosmology, and though I am just an amateur physicist, so was Prince Louis de Broglie.
In the last decade of the 20th C. many major cosmological questions were solved. For instance, we finally measured Hubble’s constant of expansion, using type 1a supernovaes, and thereby deduced that the time since the Big Bang is about 13.7 billion years. For most of the 20th C. we could never nail down the Hubble constant to better than a factor of two.
Then we discovered that the Hubble constant is not a constant! There is something called “dark energy” that acts like anti-gravity. It started small, but about 5 billion years ago, it exceeded the attractive force of gravity. Since then the Hubble expansion has been accelerating. Only a little bit, but many cosmologists think this dark energy will increase at an exponential rate. It is such a small number that it will be trillions of years before it will begin to affect us directly, if this theory is true.
Cosmologists believe they know exactly how much mass there was in the universe after the Big Bang. And they believe that only 4% of it is ordinary matter. 23% is dark matter, definitely proven to exist, but still a mystery. 73% is dark energy. This should not be considered gospel. Some cosmologists lump dark matter and dark energy together.
So what is my alternative? That anti-matter has anti-gravity. The matter that was created at the Big Bang was all matter. But I believe the amount of anti-matter in the universe has been steadily increasing, up to a billion years ago, when quasars stopped forming. Quasars are anti-matter factories. Quasars produce very energetic jets from their N and S poles. This is anti-matter, a testable proposition.
About 5 billion years ago, the anti-matter in the universe exceeded the amount of ordinary matter. Anti-matter is baryonic, and so is not some kind of exotic matter. I think it is interesting that we can only find about 1.5% of the “ordinary” (baryonic) matter.
Quasars are therefore anti-matter factories. This is only important because anti-matter has anti-gravity. I am sure the professional physicists would have noticed this a long time ago if they weren’t so consumed with mathematical speculation about universes we can never observe.
That fountain of positrons coming from the poles of the old quasar at the center of our galaxy is a very important piece of data. It is a mystery that should not be ignored. Simplest explanation: anti-matter has anti-gravity. It has been gospel for so long that everything goes into a black hole and nothing comes out that it is hard to change our minds and realize that everything eventually comes out. If an object had anti-gravity it would come out, accelerated to nearly the speed of light.
I do not know the ultimate fate of the universe. Perhaps things will continue more or less as they are. At least, there will not be an exponential increase in anti-gravity.
All this explains the large scale structure of the universe, which is something like a pile of soap bubbles. Neutral anti-hydrogen atoms fill the voids and push out the walls of dark matter and light matter by anti-gravity until the walls collide. The strings of superclusters of galaxies are all found where the bubbles intersect.
Whenever the quasar swallows some matter, it is knocked around some, producing pairs of electrons and positrons. The positrons will accelerate out the N or S pole of the quasar, because there is nothing there. The matter inside a quasar circles the center, in stable orbits for the most part. (My theory). I don’t believe in singularities, since they are logically impossible.
A neat theory, don’t you think? I explain the fountain of positrons, and the soap bubble large scale structure of the universe. We can get rid of dark energy and avoid spaghettification at the end of time. Of course, there may not be an end of time in this universe.
~~Drh